Belalek: Feminisasi Pekerjaan dan Peran Ganda Perempuan dalam Budaya Pertanian di Desa Makrampai
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32678/jsga.v10i1.6937Keywords:
Belalek, Gender Equality, Feminization of Work, Women's Dual RoleAbstract
Women are often seen as human beings who have weaker physical abilities compared to men. This view implies the stigma that women are unable to do work draining stamina and physical strength. This view is contrary to the facts and reality found in the Belalek’s culture in the Malay community in the village of Makrampai. This study was aimed at analysing gender equality in Belalek’s culture in the Malay community of Makrampai village. This research was a field research with qualitative paradigm. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentary studies. Data were analyzed using phenomenological method. The results revealed that there was a gender equality in the form of feminization of work and the dual role of women in Belalek’s culture in Makrampai. The gender equality was motivated by the values and norms prevailing in the Makrampai village community, which provided equal opportunities to both men and women in contributing to family welfare. At this level, women are no longer placed not only as second class people who are only able to complete domestic household affairs, but also have the ability to complete the same work as men on agriculture. Therefore, based on these findings, it was concluded that: First, labelling of women as weak, second class, and unproductive only applies to certain communities and cannot be generalized to all women in traditional societies. At the same time, the values and norms prevailing in a society affected the views on the equality of women and men in fulfilling their livelihood. Therefore, at this level, the issues of gender and feminism were locally and very strongly shaped by cultural factors. Secondly, culture within certain boundaries contributed in carrying out the division and separation of work and responsibilities between men and women as represented in Belalek’s culture in Malay community of Makrampai.
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References
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Laditka, S. B., Fischer, M., Laditka, J. N., & Segal, D. R. (2004). Attitudes About Aging and Gender Among Young, Middle Age, and Older College-Based Students. Educational Gerontology, 30(5), 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270490433602
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Lee, J. (2004). Taking Gender Seriously: Feminization of Nonstandard Work in Korea and Japan. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 10(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2004.11665964
Locker, B. Z. (1984). Multiple Role Women. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 5(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01591487.1984.11004269
Mahrus, E. (2013). Kamus Bahasa Melayu Sambas. STAIN Pontianak Press.
Meriac, J. P., Poling, T. L., & Woehr, D. J. (2009). Are there gender differences in work ethic? An examination of the measurement equivalence of the multidimensional work ethic profile. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(3), 209–213.
Mukhamedova, N., & Wegerich, K. (2018). The feminization of agriculture in post-Soviet Tajikistan. Journal of Rural Studies, 57, 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.009
Mulyani, L. (2009). Women and Work in Indonesia. Asian Ethnicity, 10(2), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360902906870
Mustansyir, R. (2015). Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Melayu Sambas Dalam Tinjauan Filosofis (A. Ma’ruf, Ed.; Vol. 1). Fakultas Filsafat UGM. https://repository.ugm.ac.id/273529/
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Pope, S. (2017). The Feminization of Sport Fandom: A Sociological Study. Routledge.
Putry, R. (2016). Manifestasi Kesetaraan Gender di Perguruan Tinggi. JURNAL EDUKASI: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 2(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.22373/je.v2i2.814
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Rivai, M. (1997). Kamus Bahasa Melayu-Sambas. Romeo Grafika.
Salina. (2016). Budaya Belalek’ Bercocok Taman Padi pada Masyarakat Melayu di Desa Penakalan Kecamatan Sejangkung tahun 1970-2000 [Skripsi]. Institut Agama Islam Sultan Muhammad Syafiuddin Sambas.
Simorangkir, D. (2011). The Impact of the Feminization of the Public Relations Industry in Indonesia on Communication Practice. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 5(1), 26–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2011.537602
Stamarski, C. S., & Son Hing, L. S. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: The effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers’ sexism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(9).
Utoft, E. H. (2020). Exploring linkages between organisational culture and gender equality work—An ethnography of a multinational engineering company. Evaluation and Program Planning, 79, 101791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101791
Yuki, M. (2012). The Complexity of Feminization of Garlic Production in the Era of Trade Liberalization in Northern Thailand. Gender, Technology and Development, 16(3), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852412459426
Zahara. (2016). Belalle: Sistem Kerja Usaha Tani pada Masyarakat Rambayan Kecamatan Tekarang Kabupaten Sambas. SOCIOLOGIQUE - Jurnal Sosiologi, 4(3), Art. 3. https://fisipuntan.org/jurnal/index.php/sociologique/article/view/1276
Zaikman, Y., Marks, M. J., Young, T. M., & Zeiber, J. A. (2016). Gender Role Violations and the Sexual Double Standard. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(12), 1608–1629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1158007
Zuhdi, S. (2019). Membincang Peran Ganda Perempuan dalam Masyarakat Industri. Jurnal Jurisprudence, 8(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v8i2.7327
Adiprasetio, J., & Larasati, A. W. (2019). Remediation and Counter-Hegemony of Gender Dichotomy in Indonesian Family: Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Two Kecap Advertisements. IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 3(1), Art. 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v3i1.46188
Arsini, A. (2014). Peran Ganda Perempuan pada Keluarga Masyarakat Agraris: Kasus 10 Istri Buruh Tani Desa Putat Purwodadi Grobogan. Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender, 10(1), Art. 1. https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v10i1.642
Ball, V. (2012). The “Feminization” of British Television and the Re-Traditionalization of Gender. Feminist Media Studies, 12(2), 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.597104
Barnett, R. C. (2004). Women and Multiple Roles: Myths and Reality. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(3), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220490472418
Behdad, S., & Nomani, F. (2012). Women’s Labour in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Losers and Survivors. Middle Eastern Studies, 48(5), 707–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2012.703615
Beneria, L., Berik, G., & Floro, M. (2016). Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as if All People Mattered. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203107935
Bosch, A., Bruin, G. P. de, Kgaladi, B., & Bruin, K. de. (2012). Life role salience among black African dual-career couples in the South African context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(14), 2835–2853. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.671506
Byrne, H. (2018). The Feminization of Sports Fandom: A Sociological Study, by Stacey Pope. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 35(11), 1214–1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1573033
Cahya, B. T., Salahuddin, M. S., & Baihaqi, J. (2019). Meretas Peran Ganda Istri Nelayan dalam Household Edonomy Empowerment. Jurnal Harkat : Media Komunikasi Gender, 15(1), Art. 1. https://doi.org/10.15408/harkat.v15i1.13001
Christie, P., & Gordon, A. (1992). Politics, Poverty and Education in Rural South Africa. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 13(4), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569920130401
Darmawan, W., Zakso, A., & Budjang, G. (2016). Memudarnya Nilai-Nilai Budaya Belalek dalam Bidang Pertanian pada Masyarakat Pedesaan. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa, 5(3). http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/14177
Elveren, A. Y. (2014). Women’s labour force participation and pay inequality: Evidence from panel cointegration. Applied Economics Letters, 21(12), 862–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.894622
Gaut, W. (2017). Feminisasi Perdagangan Manusia: Masalah Perdagangan Manusia dalam Konteks Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan. Jurnal Ledalero, 13(1), Art. 1. https://doi.org/10.31385/jl.v13i1.66.65-78
Iida, Y. (2005). Beyond the ‘feminization of masculinity’: Transforming patriarchy with the ‘feminine’ in contemporary Japanese youth culture. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 6(1), 56–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462394042000326905
Imamah, F. M., & Firlana, A. R. (2019). Kepemimpinan Perempuan dalam Organisasi Muslimat dan Aisyiyah di Kabupaten Tulungagung Perspektif Living Quran. Jurnal SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Religi, dan Tradisi), 5(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v5i2.877
Kartika, Q., & Kanada, R. (2017). Peran Ganda Perempuan pada Keluarga Masyarakat Petani: Kasus Istri Petani di kecamatan Merapi Selatan Kabupaten Lahat. An Nisa’a, 12(2), 151–162.
Kucera, D., & Tejani, S. (2014). Feminization, Defeminization, and Structural Change in Manufacturing. World Development, 64, 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.033
Kurniawan, S., & Suratman, B. (2018). Bertani Padi Bagi Orang Melayu Sambas: Kearifan Lokal, Nilai-Nilai Islam, dan Character Building. Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 18(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v18i2.3132
Kusumasari, B., & Umar, S. (2018). Women Workers Resistance Against Elite Class Hegemony in Indonesia. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan, 9(1), Art. 1.
Kusumayanti, F. (2019). Dilema Ruang Perempuan dalam Keluarga dan Publik: Studi Kasus Peran Perempuan di Kecamatan Pontianak Utara. Raheema, 6(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.24260/raheema.v6i2.1514
Kwatra, S., Kaur, N., & Raghubansi, P. (2012). Psycho-physiological Problems among Dual Career Women: A Cause of Stress. Studies on Home and Community Science, 6(2), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2012.11885369
Laditka, S. B., Fischer, M., Laditka, J. N., & Segal, D. R. (2004). Attitudes About Aging and Gender Among Young, Middle Age, and Older College-Based Students. Educational Gerontology, 30(5), 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270490433602
Lantara, N. F. (2015). The Roles of Woman as Leader and Housewife. Journal of Defense Management, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0374.19.125
Lee, J. (2004). Taking Gender Seriously: Feminization of Nonstandard Work in Korea and Japan. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 10(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2004.11665964
Locker, B. Z. (1984). Multiple Role Women. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 5(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01591487.1984.11004269
Mahrus, E. (2013). Kamus Bahasa Melayu Sambas. STAIN Pontianak Press.
Meriac, J. P., Poling, T. L., & Woehr, D. J. (2009). Are there gender differences in work ethic? An examination of the measurement equivalence of the multidimensional work ethic profile. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(3), 209–213.
Mukhamedova, N., & Wegerich, K. (2018). The feminization of agriculture in post-Soviet Tajikistan. Journal of Rural Studies, 57, 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.009
Mulyani, L. (2009). Women and Work in Indonesia. Asian Ethnicity, 10(2), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360902906870
Mustansyir, R. (2015). Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Melayu Sambas Dalam Tinjauan Filosofis (A. Ma’ruf, Ed.; Vol. 1). Fakultas Filsafat UGM. https://repository.ugm.ac.id/273529/
Petersen, T., & Morgan, L. A. (1995). Separate and Unequal: Occupation-Establishment Sex Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap. American Journal of Sociology, 101(2), 329–365. https://doi.org/10.1086/230727
Pickup, M. (2016). Gender, development, and globalisation: Economics as if all people mattered (second edition), by Lourdes Benería, Günseli Berik and Maria S. Floro. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d’études du développement, 37(3), 401–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2016.1146130
Pope, S. (2017). The Feminization of Sport Fandom: A Sociological Study. Routledge.
Putry, R. (2016). Manifestasi Kesetaraan Gender di Perguruan Tinggi. JURNAL EDUKASI: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 2(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.22373/je.v2i2.814
Radhitya, T. V. (2018). Peran Ganda yang dialami Pekerja Wanita K3L Universitas Padjadjaran. Focus : Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 1(3), Art. 3. https://doi.org/10.24198/focus.v1i3.20497
Ramadani, N. (2016). Implikasi Peran Ganda Perempuan dalam Kehidupan Keluarga dan Lingkungan Masyarakat. SOSIETAS, 6(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.17509/sosietas.v6i2.4245
Rivai, M. (1997). Kamus Bahasa Melayu-Sambas. Romeo Grafika.
Salina. (2016). Budaya Belalek’ Bercocok Taman Padi pada Masyarakat Melayu di Desa Penakalan Kecamatan Sejangkung tahun 1970-2000 [Skripsi]. Institut Agama Islam Sultan Muhammad Syafiuddin Sambas.
Simorangkir, D. (2011). The Impact of the Feminization of the Public Relations Industry in Indonesia on Communication Practice. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 5(1), 26–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2011.537602
Stamarski, C. S., & Son Hing, L. S. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: The effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers’ sexism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(9).
Utoft, E. H. (2020). Exploring linkages between organisational culture and gender equality work—An ethnography of a multinational engineering company. Evaluation and Program Planning, 79, 101791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101791
Yuki, M. (2012). The Complexity of Feminization of Garlic Production in the Era of Trade Liberalization in Northern Thailand. Gender, Technology and Development, 16(3), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852412459426
Zahara. (2016). Belalle: Sistem Kerja Usaha Tani pada Masyarakat Rambayan Kecamatan Tekarang Kabupaten Sambas. SOCIOLOGIQUE - Jurnal Sosiologi, 4(3), Art. 3. https://fisipuntan.org/jurnal/index.php/sociologique/article/view/1276
Zaikman, Y., Marks, M. J., Young, T. M., & Zeiber, J. A. (2016). Gender Role Violations and the Sexual Double Standard. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(12), 1608–1629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1158007
Zuhdi, S. (2019). Membincang Peran Ganda Perempuan dalam Masyarakat Industri. Jurnal Jurisprudence, 8(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v8i2.7327
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