Rationalism and Epistemology: A Critical Analysis of Rene Descartes' Influence on Western Philosophy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32678/aqlania.v15i2.10598Keywords:
Rasionalisme, Rene Descartes, Pengaruh, Epistemologi, KemajuanAbstract
The revival of the Renaissance in the West began when people began to think very critically about the situation, everything was faced with the "judicial" ratio. To reach a truth requires various ways of thinking and proving, one of which is through the benchmark of Rationalism which had a big influence on the foundation of enlightenment at the beginning of the century. It is important to re-examine rationalism in the postmodern era like now, whether the only valid truth is only rational truth that makes sense, whether only reason is the only source of truth, or are there other truths that cannot be reached by rationalism. The purpose of this writing is to know and understand epistemological rationalism as a theory of truth. This research method uses literature (library study) by collecting and exploring data or library materials related to the discussion themes and problems. The results of the research show that: 1) Rationalism is a philosophical view that firmly adheres to the fact that reason is the most important tool for obtaining knowledge, the highest truth lies in human reason or reason. 2) Descartes created a method of doubt in his philosophy called the method of doubt, questioning all beliefs, ideas, thoughts and material obtained through the senses. The information and knowledge received by humans from birth is not guaranteed to be true, therefore everything must be tested again by underestimating it. 3) Even though it is guided by rational and empirical principles, in reality rationalism is unable to explain or reach empirical existence outside the mind such as color, taste, smell or image.
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References
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Suaedi. Pengantar Filsafat Ilmu. Bogor: IPB Press, 2016.
Terj. Zakaria Adhan. Wasiat Imam Al-Ghazali. Jakarta: Darul Ulum Press, 1993.
Umar Suryadi Bakry, Dkk. Dasar-Dasar Hubungan Internasional Edisi Pertama. Hukum Perumahan, 2021.
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W. Azwar, dan Muliono. Filsafat Ilmu: Cara Mudah Memahami Filsafat Ilmu. Jakarta: Kencana, 2019.
Wahid Masykur. Filsafat Umum: Dari Filsafat Yunani Kuno Ke Filsafat Modern. Serang: A-Empat, 2021.
Yanti, Amalia Febri, Radea Yuli, and Hambali. “Aliran Rasionalisme Filsuf Abad Modern (Rene Descartes).” Gunung Djati Conference Series 19 (2023).
A. Khudori Sholeh. Filsafat Islam Dari Klasik Hingga Kontemporer. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2016.
Abdurrahman Wahid. Islam Kosmopolitan. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute, 2007.
Anugrah, Meisakh Nur, and Usman Radiana. “Filsafat Rasionalisme Sebagai Dasar Ilmu Pengetahuan.” Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia 5, no. 3 (2022). https://doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v5i3.41741.
Asmadi. Konsep Dasar Keperawatan. Jakarta, n.d.
Bertrand Russell terj. Sigit Jatmiko dkk. Sejarah Filsafat Barat Dan Kaitannya Dengan Kondisi Sosio-Politik Hingga Sekarang. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2020.
Blackburn, Simon. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780198735304.001.0001.
Chalik, Abdul. Filsafat Ilmu. Yogyakarta: Arti Bumi Intaran, 2015.
Choiriyah, Ngismatul. “Rasionalisme Rene Descartes.” Anterior Jurnal 13, no. 2 (2018). https://doi.org/10.33084/anterior.v13i2.284.
Clarke, Desmond M. Descartes: A Biography. Descartes: A Biography, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511498077.
“Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings.” Choice Reviews Online 26, no. 07 (1989). https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.26-3838.
Faizi, N. “Metodologi Pemikiran Rene Descartes (Rasionalisme) Dan David Hume (Empirisme) Dalam Pendidikan Islam.” Risalah, Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Studi Islam 9, no. 3 (2023).
Fikri, Mursyid. “Rasionalisme Descartes Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pemikiran Pembaharuan Islam Muhammad Abduh.” TARBAWI : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam 3, no. 02 (2018). https://doi.org/10.26618/jtw.v3i02.1598.
Franz Magnis Suseno. Etika Politik. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1987.
Garforth, Frank, and Roger Scruton. “Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey.” British Journal of Educational Studies 43, no. 1 (1995). https://doi.org/10.2307/3121767.
Georges Dicker. Descartes An Analytical and Historical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
H. Muhammad Bahar Akkase Teng. “Rasionalis Dan Rasionalisme Dalam Perspektif Sejarah.” JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Vol. 4, N (n.d.).
Hidayatullah, Syarif. “Epistemologi Pemikiran Sir Muhammad Iqbal.” Jurnal Filsafat 24, no. 1 (2018).
I Gusti Bagus Rai Utama. Filsafat Ilmu Dan Logika. Bandung: Univ. Dhyana Pura, 2013.
Ibda Hamidulloh. Filsafat Umum Zaman Now. Pati: CV. Kataba Group, 2018.
Jonandi Effendi, Juhnny Ibrahim. “Metode Penelitian Hukum: Normatif Dan Empiris.” Depok : Pranandamedia Group, 2018.
Kaelan. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Bidang Filsafat. Yogyakarta: Paramadina, 2005.
Kuswandi, Rudi, and Ofianto Ofianto. “Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Konsep Rasionalisme Empirisme : Perspektif Historis Dan Epistemologis.” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai 7, no. 3 (2023).
Laoli, Hery Prasetyo. “Eksistensi Tuhan Dalam Pandangan Suhrawardi Dan Mulla Shadra.” Aqlania 13, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.32678/aqlania.v13i2.6443.
M. C. Chung & M. E. Hyland. History and Philosophy of Psychology. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
M. R. Bustami dkk. Islamic Social Science Research Methodology. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, 2021.
Machmud, Tedy. “Rasionalisme Dan Empirisme: Kontribusi Dan Dampaknya Pada Perkembangan Filsafat Matematika.” INOVASI 8, no. 1 (2011).
Masykur, Fuad. “Metode Dalam Mencari Pengetahuan: Sebuah Pendekatan Rasionalisme Empirisme Dan Metode Keilmuan.” Tarbawi : Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pendidikan Islam 1, no. 1 (2019).
Moh. Nazir. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1998.
Mohammad Muslih. Filsafat Ilmu. Yogyakarta: Belukar, 2004.
Muhammad Abduh. Encyclopedia Britannica. Edited by I: A-Ak-Beyes. Edisi ke-1. Chicago,Inc, 2010.
Muhammad Bahar Akkase Teng. “Orientalis Dan Orientalisme Dalam Perspektif Sejarah.” Jurnal Ilmu Budaya 4, no. 1 (2016).
Musakkir. “Filsafat Modern Dan Perkembangannya.” Tajdid: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman Dan Kemanusiaan 5, no. 1 (2021).
Rene Descartes. A Discourse on Method: Meditations and Principles. Edited by Veitch. London: Orion Publishing Group, 2004.
Revonsuo, Antti. Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203859605.
SEKSAMA & IKAPI. Pengantar Filsafat. Yogyakarta: PT. Kanisius, 2018.
Sir Roger Scruton. Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey. London, England: Pimlico Books, 2012.
Sprague, Rosamond Kent. “ Aristotle: ‘Categories’ and ‘De Interpretatione’ . J. L. Ackrill .” Classical Philology 60, no. 2 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1086/365008.
Stone, Jim. “Dreaming and Certainty.” Philosophical Studies 45, no. 3 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00355443.
Suaedi. Pengantar Filsafat Ilmu. Bogor: IPB Press, 2016.
Terj. Zakaria Adhan. Wasiat Imam Al-Ghazali. Jakarta: Darul Ulum Press, 1993.
Umar Suryadi Bakry, Dkk. Dasar-Dasar Hubungan Internasional Edisi Pertama. Hukum Perumahan, 2021.
Vera, Susanti, and R. Yuli A. Hambali. “Aliran Rasionalisme Dan Empirisme Dalam Kerangka Ilmu Pengetahuan.” Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ushuluddin 1, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15575/jpiu.12207.
W. Azwar, dan Muliono. Filsafat Ilmu: Cara Mudah Memahami Filsafat Ilmu. Jakarta: Kencana, 2019.
Wahid Masykur. Filsafat Umum: Dari Filsafat Yunani Kuno Ke Filsafat Modern. Serang: A-Empat, 2021.
Yanti, Amalia Febri, Radea Yuli, and Hambali. “Aliran Rasionalisme Filsuf Abad Modern (Rene Descartes).” Gunung Djati Conference Series 19 (2023).
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