Evolutionist Humanism of Muhammad Iqbal: Response to Sartre’s Existentialism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32678/aqlania.v15i1.10195Keywords:
Existentialism, Evolutionary Humanism, Jean-Paul Sartre, Muhammad IqbalAbstract
The differences in the foundational thoughts on humanity become a factor in the plurality of interpretations of humanism that seeks to interpret ideal humanity. Jean Paul Sartre proposed a typical existentialist humanism, which removes the essence from humanity. Humans are left without meaning with the freedom to dynamically determine their own essence. The problem is that humans are only viewed from the aspect of freedom alone, while the aspects of evolution and human improvement are ignored. Therefore, by using the evolutionary humanism perspective of Muhammad Iqbal, humans are allowed to have the freedom to determine their essence while simultaneously perfecting themselves towards the absolute source of existence in the universe. The purpose of this research is to respond to Sartre's freedom humanism using Iqbal's evolutionary humanism with a descriptive analysis approach. The research results show that Sartre's humanism places freedom as the goal, while Iqbal makes freedom an instrument to achieve perfection (absolute ego). Sartre's disregard for freedom nullifies morality and the values of civilization considered important by humanism. Therefore, evolution is a key element for freedom, humanism, and civilization that can contribute to the foundation of ethics and culture
Downloads
References
Al-Ahsan, Abdullah. “Iqbal’s Visions of Civilization, Modernity and Nationalism: Are His Ideas Relevant Today?” Tehseel, no. 6 (2020).
Augustinus Setyo Wibowo. “Eksistensi Kontingen: Satu Sudut Pandang Membaca Kisah Hidup dan Pemikiran Jean Paul Sartre.” In Filsafat Eksistensialisme Jean Paul Sartre. Yogyakarta: PT. Kanisius, 2011.
Cambridge Dictionary. “Civilization,” February 14, 2024. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/civilization.
Davies, Tony. Humanism. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. 4th ed. Jakarta: Gramedia Pusaka Utama, 2008.
Fauzi, Ammar and Darmawan. “Dekonstruksi Peradaban Muhammad Iqbal.” Ushuluna: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin 1, no. 1 (2020).
Fuchs, Christian. “Cornel West and Marxist Humanism.” Critical Sociology 47, no. 7–8 (2021).
Gustiniani, Vito R. “Homo, Humanus, and the Meanings of ’Humanism.” Journal of the History of Ideas 46, no. 2 (1985).
Hadiwijono, Harun. Sari Sejarah Filsafat Barat 2. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Kanisius, 1980.
Hamdani, Basrir. Humanisme Evolusionis-Kreatif Muhammad Iqbal: Sebuah Sintesis Antara Humanisme Religius dan Humanisme Sekuler-Ateis. Jakarta: International Conference on Islamic Philosophy, 2019.
Heidegger, Martin. “Letter on ‘Humanism.’” Translated by Miles Groth. Wagner College, 2013.
Horrigan, Paul Gerard. “Sartre’s Atheistic Existentialism.” Diakses di academia.edu pada tanggal, November 22, 2021.
Ibrahim Ozdemir. “Muhammad Iqbal and Environmental Ethics.” Acta Via Serica 2, no. 2 (2017).
Iqbal, Muhammad. Rekonstruksi Pemikiran Religius Dalam Islam. 2nd ed. Bandung: Mizan Media Utama, 2021.
Kaelan. Metode Penelitian Agama Kualitatif Interdisipliner. Yogyakarta: Paradigma, 2010.
Kurtz, Paul W. “Kierkegaard, Existentialism, and the Contemporary Scene.” The Antioch Review 21, no. 4 (1962 1961).
Law, Stephen. Humanism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Lidinillah, Mustofa Anshori and dkk. Iqbal Humanism and Human Rights" dalam jurnal Jurnal Filsafat. Vol. 33. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2023.
Meleong, Lexy J. Metologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 1989.
Melissa K. Houghtaling. “Materiality, Becoming, and Time: The Existential Phenomenology of Sexuality.” Disertasi, Philosophy, Queen’s University, 2013.
Middle East Eye. “On Jean Paul Sartre and Palestine.” Accessed February 16, 2024. https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/jean-paul-sartre-and-palestine.
Muqoddas, Muhammad Fahmi. “Konsep Ego Manusia Menurut Iqbal: Sebuah Dialektika Pemikiran tentang Filsafat Manusia.” Jurnal Filsafat 1, no. 1 (February 24, 1996).
Muzairi. “Kebebasan Manusia Dan Konflik Dalam Pandangan Eksistensialisme Jean Paul Sartre.” ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin 13, no. 1 (2012).
Norman, Richard. On Humanism. London: Routledge, 2004.
Parmitasari, Rika Dwi Ayu, Lince Bulutoding, and Zulfahmi Alwi. “Landasan Filosofis Metodologi Penelitian Multiparadigma- Suatu Pengantar.” Study of Scientific and Behavioral Management (SSBM) 1, no. 1 (July 2, 2020).
Perez, Zagorin. “On Humanism Past & Present.” Daedalus 132, no. 4 (2003): 87.
Sartre, Jean Paul. Being and Nothingness: An Essay in Phenomenological Ontology. Translated by Hazel E. Barnes. New York: Pocket Books, 1966.
———. Words. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1976.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Eksistensialisme adalah Humanisme. Yogyakarta: Jalan Baru, 2021.
Satira, Fiki. “Pengaruh Religuisitas Terhadap Optimalisasi Eksistensi Manusia, Menurut Muhammad Muhammad Iqbal.” Skripsi, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Sadra, 2019.
Saumya Malviya. “Heidegger’s Critique of Humanism and Some Lessons for Social Sciences.” The New Leam (blog), September 5, 2017. https://www.thenewleam.com/heideggers-critique-of-humanism-and-some-lessons-for-social-sciences/.
Scott, Ferdinand Canning. Studies in Humanism. New York: Macmillan, 1907.
Soffer, Gail. “Heidegger, Humanism, and the Destruction of History.” The Review of Metaphysics*, Philosophy Education Society of America 49, no. 3 (1996).
Tjahyadi, Lili. “Ateisme Sartre: Menolak Tuhan, Mengiyakan Manusia.” In Filsafat Eksistensialisme Jean Paul Sarte. Yogyakarta: PT. Kanisius, 2011.
Ulf Schulenberg. “Pragmatism, Humanism, and Form.” European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy 13, no. 2 (2021).
Usman, Abdur Hamdi, Syarul Azman Shaharuddin, and Salman Zainal Abidin. “Humanism in Islamic Education: Indonesian References.” International Journal of Asia Pasific Studies 13, no. 1 (2017).
Usman, Husaini, Akbar, and Purnomo Setiady. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2014.
Van Der Weij. Filsuf-filsuf Besar Tentang Manusia. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1988.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2024-08-10 (2)
- 2024-08-09 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Achmad Fadel, Mahdi Ruhani, Basrir Hamdani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
