An analysis of Semantic changes of English lexical borrowings in Indonesia Tourism field

*Corresponding Author: tatu.siti.rohbiah@uinbanten.ac.id Abstract: This research was analyzed English lexical borrowings in Indonesian tourism field. This research aims to classify and analyze kinds of semantic changes that happen in the borrowed English tourism field in Indonesian. The method used was descriptivequalitative content analysis to the corpus of data in tourism field. The unit of analysis is the corpus of tourism fields collected from Indonesian magazines in June – July 2019, such as Intisari, tamasya, and Jalan – jalan. The result findings are 25 words meanings such as 12 words did not find changes of meaning and 13 words found changes of meaning of the tourism register in English adopted into Indonesian languages, such as extension, narrowing, degeneration, and regeneration. It means that Indonesian borrowed the foreign words, whose concept is adapted to the Indonesian. In Indonesian tourism field in semantic changes is adopted to the social condition.


INTRODUCTION
Language is a collection of arbitrary voice symbols used by human beings for collaboration, communication, and selfidentification. Language is also a simple communication method. Persons can communicate in a language with others. Therefore, in human life, Language is essential; it reflects the basic need of people (Fromkin & Hyms, 2017).
Moreover, the function of the Language is human communication, both written and oral languages. The written languages include words, phrases, and sentences, whereas verbal languages include sounds and speeches (Yule, 2010).
Language works for contact with one another and also as a part of the community. People can interact and be closely connected to others (Fromkin & Hyms, 2017). Thus, people are part of society. The outcome practiced and embraced by other people. Therefore, in the social context, there are two kinds of relations between Language and culture; phylogenetic and ontogenetic as part of a culture, is called phylogenetic, and a person who learns culture through Language is called ontogenetic (Fromkin & Hyms, 2017).
Each language word context affects the term borrowed, and it happens to semantics change within history and in language contact with other languages (Matsuura, Chiba, & Rini, 2017).
Furthermore, Language and culture have a healthy relationship and cannot be disassociated with each other, so Language is for communication and also a part of a positive culture (Fang & Shaobin, 2016).
The Language contacts mutually affected both direct and indirectly among the languages. The causes of the language contact are language changes, and then it becomes a part of human Language obviously, which will be noted in a history language development (Al-Kofahi J. M., 2012, September). Gandin (2014) points out. Borrowings are part of language changes in the study of sociolinguistics. There are two kinds of language change: internal and external. Internal changes include in phonology, morphology, and syntax, while externally change is brought through borrowings.
Semantics change is a part change that takes place in the history of all languages that consist of differences in the meanings or semantic function of some of the words in their vocabularies, considered as the continuing lexical content of successive stages of the Language.
The study of semantics change though of less immediate concern in comparative linguistics is very relevant to the historical study of languages. Semantics is the branch of linguistics dealing with the meanings of words and sentences. Then, Geeraerts (2010) stated the study of meaning in Language is called Semasiology or semantics. So, semantics is the study of meaning that contains how a first of purpose is, how it develops, and the question of why the meaning can happen in changing meaning in a history of Language.
In the semantics field, there are two kinds of meaning: lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning (or dictionary-meaning) is composed of smaller meaningful parts, or it is the meaning from the dictionary directly. Lexeme itself is a unit of language forms that has meaning, while the lexicon is the same as vocabulary, and the lexeme is the same as words (Geeraerts, 2010). For instance, the word table has a definite meaning. Besides, the table has reference in a noun, so it is clear that it has a relation with meaning, and reference is one of the features of lexical meaning. The lexical meaning based on an advanced dictionary in the English Language; the table is a piece of furniture that consists of a flat top supported by legs. Thus, lexical meaning or semantics meaning is the real description of a concept like referred it. The lexical is connected to the words of Language or lexicon.
Grammatical meaning in every Language has a grammatical system. Different languages have a somewhat different grammatical system. So, there is a meaning caused by a morphological process such as affixes, reduplication, and composition. For example, go -goinggone, have gone, etc. Palfreyman, N. (2019) asserts that the meaning relates to signifier (significant) that is called as the word in the Language and signified (signifie) is called as the object in the world; it means "stands for", "refers to", "denotes".
However, both signified and signifier is strictly a sound image and concept. It is different from a theory of meaning introduced by Ogden and Richard illustrating a triangle of semantics (the relation between that a triangle of semantics which has a meaning) that there are three components of meaning; they are Sign or symbol, reference, and referent. The symbol is the linguistic elements such as words, sentences, phrases, etc. The referent is the object, while thought or reference is the concept. Based on that theory, there is no direct link between symbol and referent or between Language and purpose in the world without "thought" or "reference," the first in the concept of our mind (Geeraerts, 2010;Rohbiah, 2019).
But, another fact the user or speaker also faces is the word meaning that is not always static. Word choice is precise. Each user must pay attention to the language changes that happen in words of meaning. The group of human languages firstly knows the name and meaning.
At the time, it will repeat the semantics shift in a particular area, while the other regions are still defended by original meaning. Therefore the changes of meaning have not been included in time only, but also in the place.
The influence of foreign languages has a vital role in the semantic change in the Indonesian Language. In choosing the words, the basis of deciding whether the meaning has already changed or not is using the name with definite rational meaning (places must be national, and time must be direct) (Abdullah, 2012). According to Bale (2006), semantics changes may also affect sets of words or word-field. For example, it may be found in kinship term in Old English, such as a distinction has made between uncles on the father"s side, Old English fǽdera, and uncle on the mother"s side, Old English ёam, so that English kinship system now has only one term uncle. The changes of meaning do not result from the importation of the word uncle from Old French oncle, but rather from the turn of culture.

THEORETICAL SUPPORT
The meaning of word can be changed and extended. It can happen because the uses of languages are continuously in adding some new words in connection with the globalization era. According to Geeraerts (2010), there are four kinds of changes of meaning as follows: a. Extension of meaning This kind of change means the widening of a word"s signification until it covers more than the idea originally conveyed. The tendency is called generalization. For instance, the word lovely means primarily worth to be loved, and great means large in size, the opposite of small or little, or it can called polysemy (the word that has more than one meaning in semantics). In the word development, lovely has no a meaning like above only, but it can be used to explain the meaning of lovely view or a lovely holiday, etc.
The word great now is also used to explain that the weather is great, or the book is great. Probably it means that a student full enjoyed and if he said that a book and the student evaluated that a book as a work of art. So, the word lovely and great happen in extension of meaning or generalization.
b. Narrowing of meaning The narrowing is a process of the word meaning that gradually becomes more specific than its previous meaning, or it is also used for a special field (Purnomo, 2015). For instance, "doctor". Beside it is used in medical field, people also use it in law field, theology and others. But now, when we say "we send him for the doctor", we point out to a member of the profession of those fields; it is a medical doctor.
Sometimes, we have found the word that has a special meaning for a special group, for instance the word gas. This word is an inclusive term for the chemist, but it has a special meaning for a housewife and a driver. The narrowing of meaning can also happen in the specific area because of the influence of the culture, for example nickel. In America nickel with this symbol "Ni" means not only logam (a metallic element), but also a coin or a piece of metal that is created from nickel.
c. Degeneration of meaning It may take several forms. It may take the form of the gradual extension to many particular meaning senses, that a word may have had is completely lost. This is one form of generalization, such as in the words lovely and great. In other form, it is a word that has retained very specific meaning but a less favorable one than it originally had. For instance, the word smug was originally a good word. It means neat or tri m; it presents suggestion of objectionable selfsatisfaction that seems to have grown up during the nineteenth century.

d. Regeneration of meaning
This kind is the opposite of degeneration of meaning; it is a process of language shifts, which a new word meaning felt better, or attained respectability from the last meaning that considered disparagement. For example, the word smock, which was mentioned as losing case in the eighteenth century, has now been rehabilitated as applied to an outer garment. We used it for a certain type of woman"s dress and we speak of an Artist"s smock. Another word in the eighteenth century is snob and sham were slang, but in the nineteenth they attained respectability. So, the change of meaning that words undergo is another evidence of the constant state of flux that characterizes language as it lives on the lips of men.

METHOD
This research was used descriptive qualitative method, content analysis approach; using the corpus of English lexical tourism register borrowed by Indonesian language and changes of meaning that happened, such as extension, narrowing, degeneration, and regeneration.
The writer limits the discussion on what kind classifications of English tourism register in Indonesian and what kind of semantic changes do happen to the borrowed English tourism register?. The unit of analysis of this research is the corpus of tourism fields collected from various articles of Indonesia magazines in June -July 2019, such as Intisari, Tamasya and Jalan-Jalan. The instrumens of this research is the writer uses herself as a main instrument by reading and marking the English register used in Indonesia magazines. Then, the data are tabulated to make it easier to analyze.
The approach to analyze the data, the writer uses sociolinguistics and semantics theory for data analysis through the following steps: a. Collecting the etymology dictionary (Ayto, 2005& Merriam, 2016. b. Collecting the English tourism register borrowed by Indonesian (Surjanto, 2003).
c. Each word has the lexical meaning or the meaning of a lexical form, both English and Indonesian based on the dictionaries, as follows: (1) The meaning is collected from English-Indonesian dictionary; (2) The meaning is collected from dictionary of tourism term; and (3) The meaning is collected from the current English dictionary (Hornby, 2015). d. Deciding changes of meaning that happened then classify into varieties changes of meaning such as degeneration, regeneration, extension and narrowing.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this description of data, the writer collects kind of semantic changes do happen to the borrowed English tourism register data up to 25 words or terms and then analyzes them. The result of data that she obtains can be presented in this corpus on the Based on the findings above, the writer discuses and analyze them by categorizing into lexical meanings, etymology, and varieties of meaning changes.

Adventur
This word is taken from English; adventure, but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word adventur.
Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries) of this word as follows: a Based on those meaning, there is a meaning change of this word namely an extension, because it depends on the context of that word. In tourism field, the word buffet aims to meals or drinks to guest, which they are taken or served by themselves. Therefore, the writer takes a conclusion that it becomes familiar in Indonesia by the name prasmanan.

Diskotik
This word is not strange anymore, diskotik can mean as a place for young people to pleasure. Here are its lexical meanings: a. Kelab malam atau tempat lain untuk berdansa. b. Kelab malam c. Discotheque: a club, party etc.
usually with flashing light, where people dance to pop music.
There is no meaning change of this word. So, the writer concludes based on this meaning that diskotik is a place to dance or party. In tourism term, it is more specified as a club for night activity, or it is more popular to call Nightclub.

Ekspedisi
The word ekspedisi is considered as the new word has more prestigious. So, this word is more popular by ekspedisi in Indonesia, especially in Indonesian tourism field. They would rather use the word ekspedisi than to translate it into the word petualangan. Here are its lexical meanings of this word as follows: Based on its lexical meanings, there is the meaning change in the word expedition namely narrowing, because in tourism that term is used for scientific research, so that this journey has a scientific purpose. While, based on its original meaning, it is speed voyage whether it is formal or informal.
6. Cek in Here are its lexical meanings of this word: a. Cek in :mendaftarkan diri b. Lapor masuk/ berangkat ke hotel, pesawatCheck in: register as a guest at hotel or as a passenger at an airport. Based on those meanings, thus there is a meaning change of this word namely extension, especially in tourism term it is for guest coming into the hotel.
7. Cek out The explanation of this word is the same as check in. This word is derived from two words as check+out and it is similar to the Indonesian word cek out. Then, its lexical meanings as follows: a. There is meaning change of this word namely extension, especially in tourism term which is used to say a guest coming out the hotel.

Klub
In English the word club becomes klub in Indonesia. Whereas, its lexical meanings of this word as follows: a. Tempat perkumpulan, tongkat. b. Tempat orang-orang berkumpul disuatu tempat untuk bersenangsenang, seperti, klubbing. c. There are two meaning of club. It is depend on contextual Club: a group of people, who meet together regularly, for a particular activity, sport, etc, or a place where people, especially young people, go and listen to music, dance, etc.
There is a meaning change of this word that is recognized namely degeneration, because at first it means a good thing. The meaning is for a group of people in a certain place for a particular activity. So, when the people hear that word, they will have a good positive thinking. But nowadays, klub is a place where the young people go to listen the music and dance, such as going to nightclubs. In this activity, the people usually drink alcohol. So, when the people hear it, they will have a negative thinking, especially in tourism field. Someone who goes to usually would like to get a fun 9. Resor The word resort is used especially for a person who stays at the place for vocation or recreation such as hotel. While, resor is a small place such as an office, so it is not still broad or uncertain place. The lexical meanings of this word as follows: a. Tempat yang sering dikunjungi orang, atau tempat beristirahat. b. Suatu tempat untuk rekreasi. c. Resort: a place where a lot of people go on holiday or vocation.
There is a meaning change of this word namely narrowing, because basically the meaning of this word is to go out only. Perhaps, the meaning is still general, and not specific, but in tourism register field, the meaning especially is a place for holiday or vocation.

Lobi
In English the word lobby becomes lobi in Indonesia. Usually, the spelling of this word is lobby as the people see or write in a basement, hotel, etc. Here are its lexical meanings of this word: a. Lobi: ruang tunggu di gedung untuk umum atau ruang masuk. b. Ruang tunggu untuk tamu atau orang lain yang berurusan dengan hotel. c. Lobby: a large area inside the entrance of a public building where people can meet and wait, (in British as parliament) Based on those meaning above, it can be concluded that there is no meaning change of this word, but in tourism meaning it is more specific. Lobby is a waiting room for guest in a hotel or apartment.
11. Suvenir It is spelled souvenir, and Indonesian as suvenir. Here are its lexical meanings as follows: a. Suvenir : tanda mata, kenangkenangan. b. Sesuatu yang diperoleh dalam perjalanan wisata sebagai kenang-kenangan. c. Souvenir: thing that you buy and keep to remind yourself of a place, on occasion or vocation: something that you bring back for the other people when you have been on vocation.
There is a meaning change of this word namely narrowing. Nowadays, the meaning of this word is more specific than its previous meaning; it is for a thing that a person gets after going to picnic, and previously it is for memory. The word souvenir is still used by the people until now.

Kafé
In English it is said as cafe, but in Indonesian it is popular as kafe. In order to be more prestigious, Indonesian people usually use the word cafe in English spelling. Here are its lexical meanings: a. Kafe: kedai kopi, restorant. b. Tempat makan untuk umum (public dining place). c. Café: a place where you can buy drinks and simple meals.
Based on those meaning above, it is considered that there is no meaning change of this word. Until now, it is still used in Indonesia especially in tourism field of restaurant term.

Katering
The meaning of that word in English and Indonesian language is the same; it is to provide foods and drinks for a social event. Here are its lexical meanings of this word as follows: a. Melayani pesanan untuk pestapesta dan sebagainya, jasa boga. b. Usaha yang bergerak di bidang pelayanan makanan untuk lembaga atau badan yang memesannya untuk berbagai macam. c. Catering: the work of providing food and drinks for meetings or social event.
After seeing those meanings there are meaning change of this word namely extension, because both etymologically and lexical meanings whether in original or tourism meaning are different. In the etymological meaning it is to buy equipment, but the purpose in lexical meaning is for providing food and drinks in certain events. This word is still used by people especially in tourism field in restaurant term.
14. Landskip landskip in Indonesia, and; landscape in English. People still use it, especially in tourism term. Landscape is self-explaining compound, because it cannot be disassociated to each other. Here are its lexical meanings of this word: a. Pemandangan alam, bentang alam, lukisan pemandangan. b. Bentang alam, unsur-unsur alam yang terbentang membentuk suatu pemandangan. c. Landscape: a person whose job is planning designing the environment, especially so that roads, buildings, etc.
There is a meaning change of this word namely narrowing. Basically the meaning of landscape is a person whose job is planning designing such as painter, but meaning in tourism jargon is scene only. So, its use depends on the context of the word.

Turis
The word tourist now becomes popular called turis in Indonesia. Here are its lexical meanings as follows: a. Pariwisatawan, turis, pelancong. b. Sebagai pelancong atau pariwisatawan di suatu tempat baik sementara maupun untk selama-lamanya, dan tujuannya untuk bersenang-senang atau ada keperluan. c. Tourist is a person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure.
Based on its lexical meanings, there is no meaning change of this word. Everyone knows this word, because it has not been strange anymore. It becomes popular as turis in Indonesian, and tourist in English.

Kargo
The Indonesian word is kargo, and in English is cargo. This word is usually more popular in Indonesia as cargo in spelling, and kargo in pronunciation. The lexical meanings of this word as follows: Based on its lexical meanings, the writer concludes that there is meaning change of this word namely narrowing, because generally hotel is only an inn that is usually used for a short time, while the meaning of tourism jargon is more specific. Hotel is for an inn and a place to look for pleasure, refreshing and comfort.

Visa
Here are its lexical meanings of this word as follows: a. Izin keluar masuk dari dan ke suatu Negara, visa b. Izin masuk/tinggal sementara dari suatu Negara untuk seseorang yang bukan warga negaranya yang akan memasuki wilayah Negara itu. c. Visa: a stamp or mark put in your passport by officials of a foreign country that gives your permission to enter, pass through or leave their country.
Thus, based on its lexical meanings (a), (b), (c), and an etymological meaning, there is no meaning change from this word, because until now foreigner uses it as a stamp, or mark, or passport for permission enter to the foreign country.

Spa
The lexical meanings of this word itself are as follows: a. Sumber air mineral, tempat pemandian air panas, mata air yang mengandung mineral, dan tempat terutama pusat pelayanan kesehatan yang dilengkapi dengan mata air yang mengandung mineral. b. Daerah sehat. c. Spa: a place where people can relax and improve their health.
There is no meaning change from this word. In the term of tourism, it is not more specific than other meanings, it is only for health places, but the meaning and function are the same.

Bar
This word is still used by Indonesian people, especially in tourism field until now. Thus, this word is constant; the word bar is used in Indonesia and English, and it has been familiar in Indonesia, especially in tourism field as bar. Here are its lexical meanings of this word: a. Tongkat, tiang, tempat. b. Tempat menjual berbagai jenis minuman yang mengandung alkohol. c. Bar: a room or a counter in a hotel, pub etc. in which both alcoholic and other drinks are served.
There is a meaning change of this word namely extension, because originally that word means a stick; barrier, and as inn, but now bar can be meant as pub where people drinks an alcoholic or other drinks, the people"s purpose is to pleasure.
24. Shelter Indonesian people still use it as shelter. Here are its lexical meanings of this word as follows: a. Tempat perlindungan. b. Perumahan, tempat perlindungan dari segala bahaya. c. Shelter: protection from rain, danger, or attack.
Based on its lexical meanings (a), (b), (c), and etymology, there is a meaning change of this word namely extension especially in tourism term. It means the inn for protection from any danger.

Speedboat
Here are its lexical meanings as follows: a. Perahu motor cepat. b. Kapal bermotor yang sangat cepat jalannya. c. Speedboat: a motorboat that can travel fast.
There is no meaning change of this word, because all meanings are the same, as a boat can run faster than other boat. It is popular by called as speedboat or motorboat in Indonesia or other countries.

CONCLUSION
Indonesian people need English lexical borrowing in Indonesian languages, and there are not enough Indonesian word equivalents to say these terms in the field of tourism. To put it in the field of tourism, Indonesian uses the English register and these words are both international and universal. Then who are interested in the study of English lexical borrowings, especially register or "jargon" in the tourism field. To get a word in the tourism field, it can look for the change of meaning from one language to another language. It is intended to improve knowledge of linguistics study.