In Search of Address Terms in Novel

Language has an important role in human life, basically as a means of communication. Language is primarily an instrument of communication among human being in community. People use language as a means of communication to build relationship among human being and to express their feeling, ideas, and knowledge, a process where people are involved in interaction. That is why sociolinguistics deals with the inter relationship between language and society. Based on the background of the problem stated above, the writer would like to propose the problems as follows: What kinds of address terms are used by the characters in novel The Secret Island by Enid Blyton?; How are those address terms used by the character in novel The Secret Island by Enid Blyton? In conducting this study, the writer uses qualitative method. From the analysis, the writer can find that the characters use three kinds of address terms there are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), and kinship terms (KT). They use the address terms based on their relationship and it can describing as follows: They use first name (FN) when their relationship is very close or intimate, such as close friend, siblings, etc; They use title plus last name (TLN) when their relationship is not so very close or people older than them, such as aunt Harriet, uncle Henry, etc; They use kinship terms (KT) when their relationship is family very close or intimate, such as dad, mummy, father, mother, aunt, uncle, etc.  


INTRODUCTION
Language has an important role in human life, basically as a means of communication. Language is primarily an instrument of communication among human being in community. People use language as a means of communication to build relationship among human being and to express their feeling, ideas, and knowledge, a process where people are involved in interaction. That is why sociolinguistics deals with the inter relationship between language and society. In society, to identify someone, people should know his or her name. Without knowing VRPHRQH·V QDPH LW LV YHU\ GLIILFXOW WR FRQVWUXFW JRRG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ .QRZLQJ RQH·V QDPH VKRZV WKDW WKH DGGUHVVHU DQG DGGUHVVHH KDYH JRRG relationship or intimate. Sometimes someone is addressed or identified by his first name, last name, title, or kinship name. It happens because of many aspects in society. They are social dimensions and social factors. Someone can be called in many kinds of address terms. The writer experiences one of the phenomena that occur in a society. For example, a person is called Mbak Elita (Miss Elita) by her friends as a staff or employee in a formal relationship (at work) and called Mbak Elita by her neighbors to show their respect as a neighbor. It shows that she has higher status to appreciate. In social gathering, such as Karang Taruna meeting as a formal occasion, she is called Lita which indicates epithets or nickname. In her family, all of member call her Adik, which indicate kinship relationship, and her boyfriend calls her Honey to show his feeling of affection and intimacy. Address terms are used in communication. They can be used in written and oral communication. They can be seen in novels, articles, shorts or long stories, dialogue, etc. oral communication can be found in daily conversation between two or more participants. Both written and oral communications have the same function, which is to address people. The main aim is usually to give JRRG LPSUHVVLRQ RI EHLQJ SROLWH LQ DGGUHVVHH·V H\HV In this study, the writer knows that the final selection of address terms might reveal any factor such as status and also degree of intimacy between someone who is involved in social interaction in social interaction. So, that is why studying address terms are the most obvious point to know the relationship between language and society. The writer wants to observe what address terms are used and applied in communication. There are two reasons. Why the writer chooses the novel The Secret Island by Enid Blyton. First, after reading the novel as a source of her data, he has found the address terms can be derived from the conversation occurring among the characters. In this novel, he finds out that address terms are used by the other character. Second, the writer also finds the relationship among main characters that influence the ways of addressing.

Research Questions
Based on the background of the problem stated above, the writer would like to propose the problems as follows: 1. What kinds of address terms are used by the characters in novel The Secret Island by Enid Blyton? 2. How are those address terms used by the character in novel The Secret Island by Enid Blyton?
The objective of the study Based on the aboveresearch questions, the objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To find out the kinds of address terms which are used by the character in novel The Secret Island by Enid Blyton. 2. To describe how those address terms addressed to the character in novel The Secret Island by Enid Blyton.

Scope and Limitations
In order to get clear result of the study, the writer gives the scope and limitation of her study. The scope of the study is sociolinguistics which is limited to the address terms used by the other character in the novel entitled The Secret Island by Enid Blyton which covers the address terms are used by the other character, describing how those address terms are used and explaining why the other characters use different address terms.

Sociolinguistics
The life of social intercourse is a social relationship system. The shifting time and human life Level, caused of attitude, desire and stylistic changes in which encompass language. Language elements that occur in a society and its social indication, social norms with its changing as the speaker's background integrated into the study of sociology and linguistics under the name of sociolinguistics. Wardhaugh (2006:11) says, ´6RFLROLQJXLVWLFV LV WKH VWXG\ RI WKH VRFLDO XVHV RI ODQJXDJH DQG WKH PRVW productive studies in the four decades of sociolinguistic research have HPDQDWHG IURP GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH VRFLDO HYDOXDWLRQ RI OLQJXLVWLF YDULDQWV µ Beside them, Eleanor Dickey states if Sociolinguistics is the study of the way that language is used in society. It includes the study of regional and class dialects and accents, bilingual speakers who use different language in different situations, differences in language used by or to men and women, and a host of similar topics.

Social Factors
When people use language, it is influenced by certain social factors. Holmes (2003 H[SODLQV ´FHUWDLQ VRFLDO IDFWRUV KDYH EHHQ relevant in accounting for the particular variety used. Some relate to the users of language ² the participants; others relate to its users ² the social setting and function of the interaction. Who is talking to whom (e.g. wife ² husband, customer ² shopkeeper, boss ² worker) is an important factors. The setting or social context (home, work, school) is generally a relevant factor too. The aim or purpose of the interaction (informative, VRFLDO PD\ EH LPSRUWDQWµ ,W PHDQV WKDW WKH ODQJXDJH FKRLFHV WKDW SHRSOH use in communication may reflect the influence of one or more of social factors such as the participant, the setting, the topic and the function. As Holmes (2003: 8) explains below:

Participants
Participants in every conversation it must have a person beside the speaker who will hear and reply the speaker talking about. The person is called as participant, as Holmes (2003: 8) defines that ´3DUWLFLSDQWV DUH ZKR VSHDNLQJ DQG ZKR DUH VSHDNLQJ WRµ ,W PHDQV WKDW participants are the people who are involved in communication that occur between the speaker and other people around her who take a contribution to the communication. Participants can be divided into: a) Addresser : it is the speaker or the writer who produce the utterance. b) Addressee : it is the hearer or the reader who is the reception of the utterance. c) Audience : it is the presence of over hearer who may contribute to the specification of speech event.

Topic
Everyone will say something if they have an idea or topic to discuss. That is why topic is one the essential in social factors. Holmes (2003 VWDWHV WKDW ´7RSLF LV ZKDW LV EHLQJ WDONHG DERXWµ 0HDQZKLOH &RRN VD\V WKDW ´7RSLF LV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK FDUUies the PHVVDJHµ ,W PHDQV WKDW HYHU\ FRQYHUVDWLRQDO VKRXOG KDYH D VXEMHFW matter to be discussed which shows informational content to create a good communication and avoid misunderstanding among the participants.

Setting
Setting is an important part of social factors which has function to identify where and when an event occurs. It can be seen from the definition about setting given by Holmes (2003 ´6HWWLQJ LV ZKHUH WKH\ DUH VSHDNLQJ"µ ,W PHDQV WKDW VHWWLQJ DV WKH VLWXDWLRQDO EDFNJURXQG RU place where the conversation happens. So by knowing the setting a speaker may interact appropriately to the posture, gesture, and facial expression.

Function
Function is also as an important part of social factors which determines why the conversation was held. According to Holmes (2003: ´)XQFWLRQ LV ZK\ DUH WKH\ VSHDNLQJ"µ )URP WKH VWDWHPHQW DERYH LW can be assumed that language spoken by the participants serves functions, for example, to communicate ideas, to express attitudes, and so on.

Social Dimension
Another factor that is needed to analysis the relationship between language and society is social dimensions. According to Holmes (2003 ´,W LV XVHIXO WR WDNH DFFRXQW RI IRXU GLIIHUHQW GLPHQVLRQV IRU DQDO\VLV ZKLFK UHODWHG WR WKH IDFWRUV DERYHµ 7KHVH are:

Social Distance
A social distance as part of social dimension more prefers to explain the relationship from the participant who involved in conversation with social scale of the person. It can be proved from the definition of a social distance that given by Holmes (2003: 9), a social distance scales concerned with participant relationship. It means that social distance is needed in a conversation to know the closeness of the speaker or participants that involved in that conversation.

Intimate (High Solidarity)
According to Fasold (1989 ´,I WKH VSHDNHU LV QRW RQ LQWLPDWH terms with the addressee (that is not a friend or colleague) then some form of Title plus Last Name (TLN) will be used. This agreement with someone knows about the use of First Name (FN) to people the speaker LV RQ UHDVRQDEO\ FORVH WHUP ZLWKµ )URP WKH WKHRU\ DERYH LW FDQ EH explained that the speakers who have close personal relationship can address a person by using first name. For example: May I call you ´ORYHO\µ" RU ´0D\ , FDOO \RX ´KRQH\µ" 0HDQZKLOH SHRSOH FDQ FKDQJH D SHUVRQ·V QDPH DQG LW FDQ EH NQRZQ DV HSLWKHWV ZKHUH LW VKRZV DQ intimacy between the addresser and the addressee.

Distant (Low Solidarity)
There is less intimacy relationship between addresser and addressee. So, it is necessary to use Title plus Last Name (TLN) as an address term. Then, the speaker usually uses the use of epithets because there is different in position among them that is superior and subordinate. Meyerhoff (2006:21) suggested that the superior should have the first initiating association before that subordinate because if the person of higher value initiates such acts there will be no risk. It can be explained that the superior as leader in addressing to the subordinate in avoiding the risk.

Status Scale
Holmes (2003 WKDW ´6WDWXV VFDOH LV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK SDUWLFLSDQW UHODWLRQVKLSVµ EXW LW PD\EH GLIIHUHQW IURP VRFLDO GLVWDQFH RQH %HFDXVH status scale more concerns about the education and occupation of the participants not the relationship as social distance.

Superior (High Status)
A high status means a person placed in superior scale among others. This kind of high status is used typically in speaker language. For instance the speaker communicate with the hearer by directly calling the name to make the communication running well so he or she uses the informal language because the speaker has high status in social

Subordinate (Low Status)
A low status means a person is more subordinate than other. For instance parents would call their children by their names while children call their parent with the use of mom or dad.

Formality Scale
Formality scale is essential in social dimension in order to assess the influence of the social setting or type of interaction in language choice. As Holmes (2003:9) explains that formality has the significant roles to know about the setting and also the types of interaction, it is also largely determined by solidarity and status relationships

Formal (High Formality)
A formal setting means high formality scale. For example at home people would use vernacular or colloquial language while in formal settings like school and office, the standard form of a language is used. In society, when people involve formal situation, they tend to use TLN (title last name). Formality effects on address terms, in what occasion people must use TLN, especially for people who have an important office in their area. It means that formality can show respect one profession to another profession. Despite, the older people can address the younger by using TLN, because in the area the younger has high position than the older people. Fasold (1989: 22) gives an example below: From the example above, it can be described that when the DGGUHVVHH LQYROYHV LQ IRUPDO VLWXDWLRQ KH DGGUHVVHH D SHUVRQ·V QDPH E\ XVLQJ 7/1 WLWOH ODVW QDPH ´'U :µ WR VLJQ WKDW 7/1 PDUN LPPHGLDWHO\ in formal situation. It means that the formality claims people to use address terms in a certain moment, especially in a formal situation.

Informal (Low Formality)
Informal setting means low formality scale. Informality, people more relaxed and enjoyable to address someone by using first name only, because they involve informal situation without limitation which have to address them by using TLN (title last name). Informal situation to address someone more familiar, because people can address someone QDPHV ZKDWHYHU WKH\ OLNH )RU H[DPSOH ´+L GXGH"µ RU ´6HH \RX GDUOLQJµ WKH DGGUHVV WHUPV OLNH WKRVH VKRZ WKDW WKH DGGUHVVHU LQYROYHV informal situation that produce greater familiarity in address than formal one.

The Functional Scales
The functional scales relate to the purposes or topic of interactions. In the functional scales, there are two basic function of a language (Holmes, 2003: 10).

Referential
The basic function is the language can convey objective information of a referential kind.

Address Terms
´$ WHUP RI DGGUHVV LV DQ HQGHDUPHQW D IULHQGO\ RU XQIULHQGO\ expression, polite, neutral, or insulting, can only be made when something is known of the overall relationship, if any, between speaker and hearer, and the way in which the vocative is uttered at a given PRPHQWµ /HVOLH 'XQNOLQJ :12). According to Trudgill (2000: 9), ´$GGUHVV WHUPV DUH ZRUGV DQG SKUDVHV XVHG WR DGGUHVV RWKHU SHRSOH LQ FRQYHUVDWLRQ PHHWLQJ OHWWHUV HWFµ ,W PHDQV WKDW DGGUHVV Werms are very useful in everyday life such as conversation, meeting, letter, etc. Most people address their friends and families differently from those they do not know so well, and from those who are in a superior relationship to them such as the school principal or the boos at work. Often nicknames or endearments are used between people who know each other places and times.
There are so many different address terms that are by people to address someone in a society. People can address someone names by title (T), by title plus last name (TLN), by first name (FN), by second person pronouns, by some combination of these, or by nothing at all. Titles are such things as Professor, Dr, Dame, Fr (Father), Mr., Mrs., Miss, Sis (sister), and so on. First name may be given names (Ngatimo, Paimo, Paijo, Trimo, etc) and also epithets such as mate, pal, honey, chief, etc. Meanwhile, last name are usually family names, such as Tjahjanto, Pribadi, and so on. They are used for expression of social relationship. The asymmetric used of title, last name and first identicated inequality in power, that mutual TLN (title last name) indicated inequality and unfamiliarity, and that mutual FN (first name). It means that the more powerful number of relationship also usually initiates the switch from mutual TLN to FN. The choice between FN and TLN depends on factors like familiarity, formality, and social status.

Kinds of Address Terms
There are many types of address terms that are used by people in societies. Every people have the different ways to address somebody else. There types consist of title, title plus last name, first name, and the last T/V pronouns. According to Fasold (1989 ´,Q PRVW ODQJXDJHV there are two main kinds of address: names and second-person pronouns. Just D EULHI PRPHQW·V UHIOHFWLRQ ZLOO VKRZ \RX WKDW \RX FDQ LQ principle at least, address in either of two ways: by their first name or by WKHLU WLWOH DQG ODVW QDPH µ 7KHVH W\SHV ZLOO H[SODLQ GHHSO\ EHORZ

Title
Titles are like verbal insignia, informing everyone about how much respect and difference the person with the title deserves. Address by title alone is the least intimate form of address in that titles usually designate ranks or occupations, as in colonel, doctor, professor, etc. Titles also define people in terms of their occupation which becomes more important than who they are. Moreover, certain people who use title DORQH ZLWKRXW XVLQJ ODVW QDPH DFWXDOO\ WKH\ GR QRW NQRZ WKH SHUVRQ·V name, they only know about the profession in his or her job. In what field work the person work in the area. Titles are also as essential part of conversation, where the addresser and the addressee involve in introduction situation.

Title plus Last Name (TLN)
Address by using TLN, it means that a person has a powerful or high occupation in a certain area, for example the older people who have higher occupational status than younger ones, so that the younger must address them by using TLN because in the case between the addresser and the addressee have different ranks or status individual. TLN is most address terms. Especially, in the certain meeting where people get acquainted.

First Name
According Wardhaugh (2006:269), first names are required among people who work closely together; even though they may not like each other at all. First names may even be used to refer to public figures, but contemptuously as well as admiringly. For example, Iwan and Elita are likely to be children and Miss and Mr Brennis to be teachers.

Endearment
The term of endearment tends to be used by the speaker to address someone that he or she loves. It is often used between people ZKR NQRZ HDFK RWKHU YHU\ ZHOO )RU H[DPSOH ´0RUQLQJ ORYHO\µ RU ´/RYH \RX GDUOLQJµ ´$ WHUP RI HQGHDUPHQW LV D ZRUG RU SKUDVH Wo address or describe a person, animal or inanimate object for which the speaker feels love or affection. Terms of endearment are used for a variety of reasons, such as parents addressing their children and lovers addressing each RWKHU µ www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_ of_endearment).

7UXGJLOO
VWDWHV WKDW ´$ VRFLHW\·V NLQVKLS V\VWHP LV generally reflected in its kinship vocabulary, and this is one reason why anthropologists tend to be interested in this particular aspect of ODQJXDJH µ )RU H[DPSOH ´IDWKHUµ ´PRWKHUµ ´XQFOHµ HWF

The Way Out Address Terms
The final selection of address terms is influenced by many factors. $FFRUGLQJ WR :DUGKDXJK ´7KH YDULHWLHV RI VRFLDO IDFWRUV ZKLFK guide the choice of address terms are: the particular occasion, the social status or rank of other, sex, age, family relationship, occupational hierarchy, transactional status, rDFH DQG GHJUHH RI LQWLPDF\µ 7KLV statement means that the most influential factors of address terms are setting, status, and role. It can be explained below:

Setting
According to Meyerhoff ´VHWWLQJ LV VLWXDWHG LQ SODFH DQG WLPH µ ,W PHDQV WKDW who are involved in different setting, of course they will change different address terms automatically.

Status
In societies, people also express status and attitude through title, first name and last name. if one speaker uses title and last name (TLN) and the other uses first name (FN) only, people infer difference in status. The social status indicates individual social position in a society which is based on power differences, prestige and social, along with the associated rights duties. The broadest social class categories are upper, middle and lower classes which correlate with accent. In relation to this, Bell (1976: 96) asserts that: ´6WDWXV-marked situation may override normal selections, e.g. though one PD\EH RQ UHFLSURFDO ILUVW QDPH ZLWK RQH·V KHDG RI GHSDUWPHQW and would therefore normally address him by his first name in a meeting of senate or the board of studies-both status marked VLWXDWLRQV WKH FKRVHQ DGGUHVV IRUP ZLOO EH SURIHVVRU ´;µ QRW KLV ILUst QDPH µ Wardhaugh (1983: 141) makes clarifications about role, namely ´SHRSOH MXGJHV E\ WKHLU UROHV RU WKH VW\OH LQ ZKLFK WKH\ FDUU\ RXW WKHLU work. Roles included all sorts of tangibles such as the way a person address and speak. It can be concluded that role involves both a group and individual expectations, and not all people in a group will have the VDPH UROH SUHVFULSWLRQVµ

Related to the Role of the Participants
There are four factors that influence the use of address terms, namely intimacy, distance, formality, and informality. Wardhaugh (1998: WULHV WR JLYH D FODULILFDWLRQ WKDW LV ´:H FDQ VHH VRPH RI WKH SRVVLEOH dangers in cross cultural communication when different relationship are expressed through what appears, superficially at least, to be address system, the dangers are even greater if you earn the terms in a new DGGUHVV V\VWHP IDLO WR DSSUHFLDWH KRZ WKH\ DUH UHODWHG WR RQH DQRWKHUµ Those influence address terms in how people respect someone name. $QG DOVR ZKHQ WKH\ DGGUHVV D SHUVRQ·V QDPH LW GHDOV ZLWK WKHLU relationship.

Intimacy
People can argue that doctor plus last name (Doctor Nugraha for example) is more intimate than doctor alone, acknowledge as it does that WKH RWKHU SHUVRQ·V QDPH LV NQRZQ DQG FDQ EH PHQWLRQHG NQRZLQJ DQG XVLQJ DQRWKHU·V ILUVW QDPH RI FRXUVH D VLJQ FRQVLGHUDEOH LQWLPDF\ RU DW least of a desire for such intimacy. Using first name or a nickname or pet name shows an even greater intimacy. Fasold (1989:14), makes an DGGLWLRQ WKDW LV ´LI WKH VSHDNHU LV QRW DQ LQWLPDWH WHUPV ZLWK WKH addressee (that is not a friend or colleague) then some from of TLN will be used. This agreement with what someone knows about the use of FN WR SHRSOH WKH VSHDNHU LV RQ UHDVRQDEO\ FORVH WHUPV ZLWKµ Distance TLN (title plus last name) must always be used for people who do not have an intimacy among them. It means that people will change FN (first name) into TLN (title last name) to demonstrate their mutual respect and distance. Using TLN will be done by people in different position between superiors and subordinates. If the speaker does not have close personal relationship or he or she never met before, TLN will prevail when both of them address each other. Of course, it is total stranger when people address someone by using FN without having an intimacy. Thus Collet, (1995: 10) gives the example and his argument as follows: ´7KH FROOHJH SRUWHU PLJKW DGGUHVV D IHOORZ DV ´0U 6PLWKµ DQG WKH IHOORZ PD\ UHFLSURFDWH E\ FDOOLQJ WKH SRUWHU ´%URZQµ 7KH VXSHUILFLDO symmetry of this exchange hides the fact that and the first instance ´0Uµ LV EHLQJ XVHG DV D IRUP RI UHVSHFW ZKLOH LQ WKH VHFRQG LW LV designed to remind the porter of his subordinate position. The use of ´0Uµ VHUYHV WR LQFUHDVH WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ DGGUHVVHU DQG DGGUHVVHHµ

Formality
In society, when people are involved in formal situation, they tend to use TLN (title last name). Formality effects on address terms. In what occasion people must use TLN, especially for the people who have an important office in their area. It means that formality can show address the younger by using TLN, because in the area the younger has high position than the older people. Fasold (1989:22)

Informality
Informality, mostly people is more relaxed and enjoyable to address someone by FN only, because it usually involves informal situation, someone tends to address others by using more familiar DGGUHVV WHUPV )RU H[DPSOH ´+L (OLWD \RXU presentation in that meeting LV H[FHOOHQFHµ WKH DGGUHVV WHUPV OLNH WKLV VKRZV WKDW WKH DGGUHVVHU involves in informal situation that produces greater familiarity in address than formal one.

METHOD
In this study, the writer uses the descriptive research in order to give the descriptive information about address terms. This research does not start with a hypothesis and aims at describing variables and the relations between variables. In addition, the purpose of using descriptive method is to view the detail information about it. Usman and Akbar (1996:4) VXJJHVW WKDW ´'HVFULSWLYH UHVHDUFK LV WKH IDFWV V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ IDFWXDOO\ DQG DFFXUDWHO\µ. The writer conducts his research for he wants to discover and describe the types of address terms used by the main characters in The Secret Island by Enid Blyton. Also, he wants to discover WKH VRFLDO IDFWRUV WKDW LQIOXHQFH DQ LQGLYLGXDO·V XVH RI D FHUWDLQ XWWHUDQFH choice.

FINDINGS
The findings are that the characters use three kinds of address terms. There are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), and kinship terms (KT). They use the address terms based on their relationship and it can be described as follows: 1. They use first name (FN) when their relationship is very close or intimate, such as close friend, siblings, etc. 2. They use title plus last name (TLN) when their relationship is not so very close or people older than them, such as Aunt Harriet, Uncle Henry, etc. 3. They use kinship terms (KT) when their family relationship is very close or intimate, such as dad, mummy, father, mother, uncle, etc.

DISCUSSION
Based on the findings above, it shows that there is interconnection between the theories proposed by some linguists such as Wardhaugh, Dickey, Holmes, Cook, Fasold, Meyerhoff, etc and the results. Address terms come up in social lives. They are used to address people regarding to the degree of intimacy, whether the relationship is close or not close.

CONCLUSION
Based on the research findings, the writer can conclude that there are many kinds of address terms such as title plus last name (TLN), first name (FN), and kinship terms. The writer also concludes that address terms which are often used by the participants to address the other character is first name. The use of this term shows that the participants has close personal relationship, so that they are more enjoyable and relaxed when they address the other character by using first name (FN).
Besides that the use of first name (FN defines that the addresser and the addressee are involved in an informal situation.